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Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky ((ロシア語:Анато́лий Васи́льевич Лунача́рский), , – December 26, 1933) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and the first Soviet People's Commissar of Education responsible for culture and education. He was active as an art critic and journalist throughout his career. ==Life and career== Lunacharsky was born in Poltava, Ukraine, Russian Empire. He was an illegitimate child of Alexander Antonov and Alexandra Lunacharskaya, née Rostovtseva. His mother was at the time married to statesman Vasily Lunacharsky, hence Anatoly's surname and patronym. Alexandra later divorced Lunacharsky and married Antonov, but Anatoly kept his old name. Lunacharsky became a Marxist at the age of fifteen. He studied at the University of Zurich under Richard Avenarius for two years without taking a degree. While in Zürich, he met European socialists including Rosa Luxemburg and Leo Jogiches and joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. In February 1902 Lunacharsky moved in with Alexander Bogdanov who was working in a mental hospital in Vologda. By September of that year he married Anna Alexandrovna Malinovkaya, Bogdanov's sister. In 1903 the party split into Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin and Mensheviks led by Julius Martov and Lunacharsky sided with the Bolsheviks. In 1907 he attended the International Socialist Congress, held in Stuttgart. When the Bolsheviks, in turn, split into Lenin's supporters and Alexander Bogdanov's followers in 1908, Lunacharsky supported his brother-in-law, Bogdanov, in setting up ''Vpered''. Like many contemporary socialists (including Bogdanov), Lunacharsky was influenced by the empirio-criticist philosophy of Ernst Mach and Richard Avenarius. Lenin opposed Machism as a form of subjective idealism and strongly criticised its proponents in his book ''Materialism and Empirio-criticism'' (1908). In 1909, Lunacharsky joined Bogdanov and Maxim Gorky at the latter's villa on the island of Capri, where they started a school for Russian socialist workers. In 1910, Bogdanov, Lunacharsky, Mikhail Pokrovsky and their supporters moved the school to Bologna, where they continued teaching classes through 1911. In 1913, Lunacharsky moved to Paris, where he started his own "Circle of Proletarian Culture". After the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Lunacharsky adopted an internationalist anti-war position, which put him on a course of convergence with Lenin and Leon Trotsky. In 1915, Lunacharsky and Pavel Lebedev-Poliansky restarted the social democratic newspaper ''Vpered'' with an emphasis on proletarian culture.〔Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, ''New Myth, New World: From Nietzsche to Stalinism'', Pennsylvania State University, 2002, p.85 ISBN 0-271-02533-6〕 After the February Revolution of 1917, Lunacharsky returned to Russia and, like other internationalist social democrats returning from abroad, briefly joined the Mezhraiontsy before they merged with the Bolsheviks in July–August 1917. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anatoly Lunacharsky」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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